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Overview of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

🔹What is SLE ?

â–Ēī¸SLE āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž autoimmune disease āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŸāĻž almost all system āĻ•ā§‡ affect āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

🔹Definition āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡,

â–Ēī¸SLE is an autoimmune disease in which organs & cells undergo damage mediated by antibodies & immune complex.

âŦ›Age Group

â–Ēī¸āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ 90% patients are women of child bearing yearsāĨ¤

âŦ›Pathophysiology

â–Ēī¸SLE āĻāĻ° PATHOPHYSIOLOGY āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦā§œ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤

â–Ēī¸SLE āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻž āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž Bullet, āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻž TriggerāĨ¤

â–Ēī¸āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ Bullet & Trigger āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡?

â–Ēī¸Bullet āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ Gene āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ SLE āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ Susceptible āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ susceptibility gene āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ gene āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡ C1q, C2 & C4 āĻāĻ° deficiency āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ cellular function impaired āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

â–Ēī¸āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻŸāĻ° SLE āĻāĻ° trigger āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨-

â–Ģī¸Infection (Viral or Bacterial)– EBV
â–Ģī¸Environmental Toxin (Smoking)
â–Ģī¸UV- Light
â–Ģī¸Pregnancy
â–Ģī¸Certain Drugs– Procainamide, Hydralazine, Isoniazide etc.

â–Ēī¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ Trigger āĻšā§‡āĻĒā§‡ Bullet āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ SLE āĻāĻ° pathophysiology fire āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤

â–Ēī¸āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ UV-light āĻ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ exposed āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ UV-light āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° cell āĻāĻ° DNA āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ damage āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ apoptosis āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤

â–Ēī¸Apoptosis āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ Apoptotic body āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ cell āĻāĻ° āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ Nuclear material āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ –
â–Ģī¸DNA
â–Ģī¸Histones
â–Ģī¸Other proteins.

â–Ēī¸āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ bullet Susceptibility gene immune system āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ Nuclear Material āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ foreign antigenāĨ¤ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿ attackāĨ¤

â–Ēī¸āĻ¤āĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ susceptibility gene apoptotic body āĻāĻ° clearance āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ apoptotic body & nuclear antigen āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

â–Ēī¸āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž easyāĨ¤ B cell āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ nuclear antigen āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ antibody produce āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

â–Ģī¸Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
â–Ģī¸Anti dsAntibody
â–Ģī¸Antiphospholipid antibody
â–Ģī¸Anti smAntibody

â–Ēī¸āĻāĻ‡ antibody nuclear antigens āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ Antigen-Antibody ComplexāĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻž blood āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ Organ āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ deposit āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ inflammation āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āĻŸāĻ˛āĻŋ tissue & organ damage āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

âŦ›Clinical feature

â–Ģī¸Symptom āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿ fever, weight loss āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ system involve āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° symptom āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤

🔹When skin is involved

â–Ģī¸Malar Rash
â–Ģī¸Discoid rash
â–Ģī¸Urticarial Eruption
â–Ģī¸Livedo reticularis
â–Ģī¸Raynaud’s Phenomenon

SLE can present with Raynaud’s PhenomenonāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ Primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ criteria āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

â–Ģī¸Age> 25
â–Ģī¸Absence of family History
â–Ģī¸Male
â–Ģī¸Examination of capillary nail fold show loss of normal loop pattern

🔹When joints are involved

â–Ģī¸Arthritis
â–Ģī¸Jaccoud’s arthropathy (if tendon damage)

🔹When kidney is involved

â–Ģī¸Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
â–Ģī¸Presents with
â–Ģī¸Heavy haematuria
â–Ģī¸Proteinuria
â–Ģī¸Cast in urine

🔹When cardiovascular system is involved

â–Ģī¸Pericarditis
â–Ģī¸Myocarditis
â–Ģī¸Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
â–Ģī¸Hypercoagulability
â–Ģī¸Risk of MI & Stroke

🔹When Lung is involved

â–Ģī¸Pleuritic pain
â–Ģī¸Pleural effusion
â–Ģī¸Pneumonitis
â–Ģī¸Pulmonary fibrosis leads to breathlessness

🔹Neurological

â–Ģī¸Fatigue
â–Ģī¸Headache
â–Ģī¸Seizure
â–Ģī¸Psychosis
â–Ģī¸Hallucination
â–Ģī¸Chorea

🔹Haematological

â–Ģī¸Neutropenia
â–Ģī¸Lymphopenia
â–Ģī¸Thrombocytopenia
â–Ģī¸Haemolytic anemia

🔹Gastrointestinal

â–Ģī¸Oral Ulcer
â–Ģī¸Abdominal Pain
â–Ģī¸Bowel infarction or perforation

âŦ›Diagnostic criteria

â–Ēī¸āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡ 11 āĻŸāĻž criteria āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 4 āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ‡ suspect āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ SLEāĨ¤

â–Ģī¸Malar rash
â–Ģī¸Discoid rash
â–Ģī¸Photosensitivity
â–Ģī¸Oral ulcers
â–Ģī¸Arthritis
â–Ģī¸Serositis
â–Ģī¸Renal disorder
â–Ģī¸Neurological disorder
â–Ģī¸Haematological disorder
â–Ģī¸Immunological test to see presence of antibody
â–Ģī¸Antinuclear antibody

âŦ›Investigation

â–Ģī¸Complete blood count with Erythrocyte Segmentation Rate
â–Ģī¸Urine analysis
â–Ģī¸Serum Complement level
â–Ģī¸Autoantibody test
â–Ģī¸Skin biopsy
â–Ģī¸Computed Tomography(CT)/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)in cerebral lupus
â–Ģī¸Electrocardiogram

âŦ›Treatment

🔹Educate the patient about the disease
🔹Advice to avoid Sun & UV light exposure

🔹Mild to moderate disease

â–Ģī¸Analgesics & NSAID for pain
â–Ģī¸Hydroxychloroquine
â–Ģī¸Gucocorticoids
â–Ģī¸Azathioprine

🔹Severe & Life threatening disease

â–Ģī¸High dose glucocorticoid & immunosuppressants
Commonly used regimen is pulsed methylprednisolone+cyclophosphamide
🔹After that maintenance therapy is given.

Reefat Adil
Session:2015-16
JRRMC.

Platform Academic/Avijit Bagchi

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