đ Gram negative cocci.
Types :
- Pathogenic ( and most inportant.) : Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.
- Non pathogenic : Neisseria flava,Neisseria sicca.
āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ Neisseria gonorrhoeae āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ,
1.Neisseria gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ° morphology āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§?
Gram negative cocci, āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ paired kidney beans āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤, āĻāĻ°āĻž non-acid fast, non-flagellated, non-motile, āĻāĻ°āĻž spore āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž,āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ polysaccharide capsule āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° pili āĻāĻā§, āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° outer membrane āĻ endotoxin (lipo-oligosaccharide) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
2.Virulence factors of N.gonorrhoeae āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§?
a)Pili (āĻāĻ°āĻž columner epithelial cell āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ attachment āĻ help āĻāĻ°ā§),
b)Endotoxin( most of the gram negative bacteria āĻāĻ° endotoxin produce āĻšā§ lipo polysaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ N.gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ° endotoxin āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§ lipo-oligosaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§,
c) OMP (outer membrane proteins),
d) IgA1 protease( N.gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ IgA protease āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻž secretory IgA āĻā§ hydrolyze and inactivate āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ mucosal cell āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ pili attachment āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§),
e) Iron binding protein.
- āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻžā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ mode of transmission.
-Sexual contact, Oral sex, newborn baby āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ infected birth canal āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ - Pathogenesis
-Organism āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ pili āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ columner epithelial cell āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ attached āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ suppurative inflammatory reactions āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤
-āĻāĻāĻ¨ In case of male – āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° pus discharge āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻāĻž pus cell, epithelial cell āĻāĻ° intra and extracellular gonococci āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āĻŦ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ submucosa involve āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ inflammation extend āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ posterior urethra āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
Granulation tissue form āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ granulation tissue āĻāĻ° fibrosis and scarring āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ lastly stricture urethra āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
-āĻāĻāĻ¨ In case of female,
Purulent urethral discharge āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ discharge āĻāĻžāĻ intercourse āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ vagina and cervix āĻ āĻāĻŋā§ā§ cervicitis and urethritis āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ - āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ lesions produce āĻšā§?
a) Male : Prostatitis, Epididymitis, Orchitis, Urethral strictures.
b)Female : Endocervitis, Bartholinitis, Endometritis, Oophoritis, cystitis.
c)New-born infants : purulent conjunctivitis(ophthalmia neonatorum)
6.Complications :
-Male : urethral stricture.
-Female : sterility and infertility
- āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ Laboratory āĻ¤ā§ diagnosis āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§?
- āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ Specimen āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Male āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ – Urethral discharge āĻāĻŦāĻ Female āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ – Endocervical swab(High Vaginal Swab)
āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ Gram staining āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž Gram negative diplocicci āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° isolation & identification āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ Culture :
āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ Culture Media āĻ¤ā§ culture āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§?!
a. Chocolate agar media, b.Thayer -martin media c.Modified new york city media.
āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ –
Incubation temperature āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ : 37°C. āĻ Incubation period : 18-24 hours āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ Candle jar āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ 5-10% COâ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ N. gonorrhoeae āĻšāĻ˛ā§ Capnophillic Bacteria.
āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ Serological test āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ ELISA āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ PCR āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤ - āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ Specimen āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻ¤ā§ Treatment āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§?
-Ceftriaxone use āĻāĻ°āĻŦ uncomplicated gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Penicillin āĻ hypersensitivity āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin use āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
Note : Patient er sexual partner āĻā§āĻ treat āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ - Prevantion āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§?
- āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ condom use āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ Newborn āĻāĻ° gonococcal conjunctivitis prevent āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ Erythromycin ointment āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ Vaccine āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ Neisseria meningitidis āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ
1.āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§āĻ Morphology āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ:
āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ gram negative āĻ oval shape diplococci, surface āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ plano-convex, āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻā§ā§āĻžā§ āĻā§ā§āĻžā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ paired āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž tetrad āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
polysaccharide capsule present āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° endotoxin lipopolysaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ disease āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ organism āĻāĻŋ?
Meningitis and Meningococcaemia.
3.āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ bacteria āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĸā§āĻā§?
– āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋ organism āĻāĻž air-borne droplets āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ direct transmission āĻšā§ (āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ coughing, sneezing, talking and spitting) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž nasopharynx āĻāĻ° membrane āĻ colonize āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- Pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis :
- N.meningitidis āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ nasopharynx āĻāĻ° membrane āĻ colonize āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ Upper resporatory tract āĻ normal flora āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Naso-pharyngitis develop āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° Bacteria blood stream āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ body āĻāĻ° specific site āĻ āĻ¸ā§ spread āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§( āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ – meninges)
āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ organism brain āĻ āĻāĻŋā§ā§ blood brain barrier cross āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ ventricles āĻ āĻāĻŋā§ā§ outpouring āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻĢāĻ˛āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ choroiditis and ependymitis develop āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ organism sub-arachnoid space āĻ āĻāĻŋā§ā§ meningitis develop āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§ CSF āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ° absorption āĻāĻŽ āĻšā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻ intracranial pressure āĻŦā§ā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ headache, vomiting, fever, convulsion, neck rigidity, squint and diplopia āĻšā§āĨ¤
- N.meningitidis āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ nasopharynx āĻāĻ° membrane āĻ colonize āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ Upper resporatory tract āĻ normal flora āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻā§ diagnosis āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŦ?
1âŖ Specimen : CSF, Blood, nasopharyngeal swabs.
2âŖGram staining āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
3âŖCulture :
Chocolate agar media and MacConkey’s agar media.
4âŖLatex agglutination test.
5âŖRoutine examination of CSF - Treatment āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§?
-Penicillin -G is the drug of choicee and 3rd generation Cephalosporin ( Ceftriaxone use āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§) - Prevention āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§?
1âŖ Chemoprophylaxis with either rifampicin or Ciprofloxacin ( āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Ciprofloxacin resistance āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āĻā§)
2âŖImmunization with meningococcal vaccine.( vaccine contains the capsular polysaccharides of group A,C,Y and W-135 strains)
āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻž
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ,
āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻ¨: ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§