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An Overview of Gram Negative Cocci

📖 Gram negative cocci.
Types :

  1. Pathogenic ( and most inportant.) : Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.
    1. Non pathogenic : Neisseria flava,Neisseria sicca.

āϚāϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ Neisseria gonorrhoeae āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ,

1.Neisseria gonorrhoeae āĻāϰ morphology āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇?
Gram negative cocci, āĻāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ paired kidney beans āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ, āĻāϰāĻž non-acid fast, non-flagellated, non-motile, āĻāϰāĻž spore āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž,āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ polysaccharide capsule āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ pili āφāϛ⧇, āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ outer membrane āĻ endotoxin (lipo-oligosaccharide) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

2.Virulence factors of N.gonorrhoeae āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āφāϛ⧇?
a)Pili (āĻāϰāĻž columner epithelial cell āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ attachment āĻ help āĻ•āϰ⧇),
b)Endotoxin( most of the gram negative bacteria āĻāϰ endotoxin produce āĻšā§Ÿ lipo polysaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ N.gonorrhoeae āĻāϰ endotoxin āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ lipo-oligosaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡,
c) OMP (outer membrane proteins),
d) IgA1 protease( N.gonorrhoeae āĻāχ IgA protease āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχāϟāĻž secretory IgA āϕ⧇ hydrolyze and inactivate āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ mucosal cell āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ pili attachment āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇),
e) Iron binding protein.

  1. āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ›ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž mode of transmission.
    -Sexual contact, Oral sex, newborn baby āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ infected birth canal āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  2. Pathogenesis
    -Organism āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ pili āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ columner epithelial cell āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ attached āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ suppurative inflammatory reactions āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
    -āĻāĻ–āύ In case of male – āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ pus discharge āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇āχāϟāĻž pus cell, epithelial cell āφāϰ intra and extracellular gonococci āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āϰāĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
    āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āϰāχ submucosa involve āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ inflammation extend āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ posterior urethra āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤
    Granulation tissue form āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ granulation tissue āĻāϰ fibrosis and scarring āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ lastly stricture urethra āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
    -āĻāĻ–āύ In case of female,
    Purulent urethral discharge āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ discharge āϟāĻžāχ intercourse āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ vagina and cervix āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ cervicitis and urethritis āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  3. āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ lesions produce āĻšā§Ÿ?
    a) Male : Prostatitis, Epididymitis, Orchitis, Urethral strictures.
    b)Female : Endocervitis, Bartholinitis, Endometritis, Oophoritis, cystitis.
    c)New-born infants : purulent conjunctivitis(ophthalmia neonatorum)

6.Complications :
-Male : urethral stricture.
-Female : sterility and infertility

  1. āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ Laboratory āϤ⧇ diagnosis āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹?
    • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϞ⧋ Specimen āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŦā§‹āĨ¤
      Male āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ – Urethral discharge āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Female āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ – Endocervical swab(High Vaginal Swab)
    āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡āχ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ Microscopic examination :
    āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Gram staining āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž Gram negative diplocicci āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ isolation & identification āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ Culture :
    āϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ Culture Media āϤ⧇ culture āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇?!
    a. Chocolate agar media, b.Thayer -martin media c.Modified new york city media.
    āĻ•āĻžāϞāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ –
    Incubation temperature āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ : 37°C. āĻ“ Incubation period : 18-24 hours āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ Candle jar āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ 5-10% CO₂ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ N. gonorrhoeae āĻšāϞ⧋ Capnophillic Bacteria.
    āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ Serological test āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ ELISA āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ PCR āĻ“ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  2. āϤ⧋ Treatment āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇?
    -Ceftriaxone use āĻ•āϰāĻŦ uncomplicated gonorrhoeae āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤
    āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Penicillin āĻ hypersensitivity āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin use āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
    Note : Patient er sexual partner āϕ⧇āĻ“ treat āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇
  3. Prevantion āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇?
    • āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ condom use āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ Newborn āĻāϰ gonococcal conjunctivitis prevent āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ Erythromycin ointment āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ Vaccine āύāĻžāχāĨ¤

āφāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž, āĻāχāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϚāϞ Neisseria meningitidis āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ

1.āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡āχ Morphology āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āύāĻŋāχ:
āĻāϰāĻžāĻ“ gram negative āĻ“ oval shape diplococci, surface āϟāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ plano-convex, āĻāϰāĻž āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž paired āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž tetrad āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
polysaccharide capsule present āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ endotoxin lipopolysaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāĨ¤

  1. āĻāχāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāϏāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ disease āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāχ organism āϟāĻŋ?
    Meningitis and Meningococcaemia.

3.āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāχ bacteria āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĸ⧁āϕ⧇?
– āĻāχ āĻĒāĻžāϜāĻŋ organism āϟāĻž air-borne droplets āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ direct transmission āĻšā§Ÿ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύāσ coughing, sneezing, talking and spitting) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰāĻž nasopharynx āĻāϰ membrane āĻ colonize āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

  1. Pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis :
    • N.meningitidis āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ nasopharynx āĻāϰ membrane āĻ colonize āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Upper resporatory tract āĻ normal flora āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
      āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Naso-pharyngitis develop āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
      āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ Bacteria blood stream āĻ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ body āĻāϰ specific site āĻ āϏ⧇ spread āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇( āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ – meninges)
      āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ⧇ organism brain āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ blood brain barrier cross āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ventricles āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ outpouring āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
      āĻĢāϞāĻļā§āϰ⧁āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ choroiditis and ependymitis develop āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ organism sub-arachnoid space āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ meningitis develop āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
      āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇ CSF āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ absorption āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intracranial pressure āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĢāϞ⧇ headache, vomiting, fever, convulsion, neck rigidity, squint and diplopia āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  2. āĻāϕ⧇ diagnosis āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ?
    1âƒŖ Specimen : CSF, Blood, nasopharyngeal swabs.
    2âƒŖGram staining āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
    3âƒŖCulture :
    Chocolate agar media and MacConkey’s agar media.
    4âƒŖLatex agglutination test.
    5âƒŖRoutine examination of CSF
  3. Treatment āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇?
    -Penicillin -G is the drug of choicee and 3rd generation Cephalosporin ( Ceftriaxone use āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ)
  4. Prevention āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹?
    1âƒŖ Chemoprophylaxis with either rifampicin or Ciprofloxacin ( āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Ciprofloxacin resistance āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇)
    2âƒŖImmunization with meningococcal vaccine.( vaccine contains the capsular polysaccharides of group A,C,Y and W-135 strains)

āϤāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āϏ⧁āϞāϤāĻžāύāĻž
āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āφāĻŦāĻĻ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻ āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϞ āĻ•āϞ⧇āϜ,
āϏ⧇āĻļāύ: ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§­

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