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An Overview of Gram Negative Cocci

📖 Gram negative cocci.
Types :

  1. Pathogenic ( and most inportant.) : Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.
    1. Non pathogenic : Neisseria flava,Neisseria sicca.

āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ Neisseria gonorrhoeae āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ,

1.Neisseria gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ° morphology āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡?
Gram negative cocci, āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ paired kidney beans āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤, āĻāĻ°āĻž non-acid fast, non-flagellated, non-motile, āĻāĻ°āĻž spore āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž,āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ polysaccharide capsule āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° pili āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° outer membrane āĻ endotoxin (lipo-oligosaccharide) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

2.Virulence factors of N.gonorrhoeae āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡?
a)Pili (āĻāĻ°āĻž columner epithelial cell āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ attachment āĻ help āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡),
b)Endotoxin( most of the gram negative bacteria āĻāĻ° endotoxin produce āĻšā§Ÿ lipo polysaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ N.gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ° endotoxin āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ lipo-oligosaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡,
c) OMP (outer membrane proteins),
d) IgA1 protease( N.gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ‡ IgA protease āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡āĻŸāĻž secretory IgA āĻ•ā§‡ hydrolyze and inactivate āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ mucosal cell āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ pili attachment āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡),
e) Iron binding protein.

  1. āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ›ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž mode of transmission.
    -Sexual contact, Oral sex, newborn baby āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ infected birth canal āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
  2. Pathogenesis
    -Organism āĻŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ pili āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ columner epithelial cell āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ attached āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ suppurative inflammatory reactions āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
    -āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ In case of male – āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° pus discharge āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡āĻŸāĻž pus cell, epithelial cell āĻ†āĻ° intra and extracellular gonococci āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
    āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻ‡ submucosa involve āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ inflammation extend āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ posterior urethra āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
    Granulation tissue form āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ granulation tissue āĻāĻ° fibrosis and scarring āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ lastly stricture urethra āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
    -āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ In case of female,
    Purulent urethral discharge āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ discharge āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ intercourse āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ vagina and cervix āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ cervicitis and urethritis āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
  3. āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ lesions produce āĻšā§Ÿ?
    a) Male : Prostatitis, Epididymitis, Orchitis, Urethral strictures.
    b)Female : Endocervitis, Bartholinitis, Endometritis, Oophoritis, cystitis.
    c)New-born infants : purulent conjunctivitis(ophthalmia neonatorum)

6.Complications :
-Male : urethral stricture.
-Female : sterility and infertility

  1. āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ Laboratory āĻ¤ā§‡ diagnosis āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹?
    • āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ Specimen āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‹āĨ¤
      Male āĻāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ – Urethral discharge āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Female āĻāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ – Endocervical swab(High Vaginal Swab)
    āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹ Microscopic examination :
    āĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ Gram staining āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž Gram negative diplocicci āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
    āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° isolation & identification āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹ Culture :
    āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ Culture Media āĻ¤ā§‡ culture āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡?!
    a. Chocolate agar media, b.Thayer -martin media c.Modified new york city media.
    āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ –
    Incubation temperature āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ : 37°C. āĻ“ Incubation period : 18-24 hours āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ Candle jar āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ 5-10% CO₂ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ N. gonorrhoeae āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ Capnophillic Bacteria.
    āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ Serological test āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ ELISA āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ PCR āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
  2. āĻ¤ā§‹ Treatment āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡?
    -Ceftriaxone use āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ uncomplicated gonorrhoeae āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
    āĻ¤āĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Penicillin āĻ hypersensitivity āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin use āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
    Note : Patient er sexual partner āĻ•ā§‡āĻ“ treat āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡
  3. Prevantion āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡?
    • āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ condom use āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ Newborn āĻāĻ° gonococcal conjunctivitis prevent āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ Erythromycin ointment āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ Vaccine āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤

āĻ†āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž, āĻāĻ‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ Neisseria meningitidis āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ

1.āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ Morphology āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‡:
āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ“ gram negative āĻ“ oval shape diplococci, surface āĻŸāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ plano-convex, āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž paired āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž tetrad āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤
polysaccharide capsule present āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° endotoxin lipopolysaccharide āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤

  1. āĻāĻ‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ disease āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ organism āĻŸāĻŋ?
    Meningitis and Meningococcaemia.

3.āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ bacteria āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĸā§āĻ•ā§‡?
– āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻœāĻŋ organism āĻŸāĻž air-borne droplets āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ direct transmission āĻšā§Ÿ (āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻƒ coughing, sneezing, talking and spitting) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ°āĻž nasopharynx āĻāĻ° membrane āĻ colonize āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

  1. Pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis :
    • N.meningitidis āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ nasopharynx āĻāĻ° membrane āĻ colonize āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Upper resporatory tract āĻ normal flora āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤
      āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ Naso-pharyngitis develop āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
      āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° Bacteria blood stream āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ body āĻāĻ° specific site āĻ āĻ¸ā§‡ spread āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡( āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ – meninges)
      āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ organism brain āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ blood brain barrier cross āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ventricles āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ outpouring āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
      āĻĢāĻ˛āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ choroiditis and ependymitis develop āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ organism sub-arachnoid space āĻ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ meningitis develop āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
      āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ CSF āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ° absorption āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intracranial pressure āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ headache, vomiting, fever, convulsion, neck rigidity, squint and diplopia āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  2. āĻāĻ•ā§‡ diagnosis āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ?
    1âƒŖ Specimen : CSF, Blood, nasopharyngeal swabs.
    2âƒŖGram staining āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
    3âƒŖCulture :
    Chocolate agar media and MacConkey’s agar media.
    4âƒŖLatex agglutination test.
    5âƒŖRoutine examination of CSF
  3. Treatment āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡?
    -Penicillin -G is the drug of choicee and 3rd generation Cephalosporin ( Ceftriaxone use āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ)
  4. Prevention āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹?
    1âƒŖ Chemoprophylaxis with either rifampicin or Ciprofloxacin ( āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ Ciprofloxacin resistance āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡)
    2âƒŖImmunization with meningococcal vaccine.( vaccine contains the capsular polysaccharides of group A,C,Y and W-135 strains)

āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻž
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ†āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻ āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœ,
āĻ¸ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨: ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§­

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