đ Pathogenesis of Diabetes:
Diabetes āĻāĻāĻāĻž multifactorial diseaseāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ°āĻāĻŽā§āĻ° factor āĻāĻ° interplay āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻ disease āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ factor āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ ā§¨āĻāĻž category āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§ā§ – genetic factors āĻāĻ° environmental factorsāĨ¤
â Pathogenesis of Type-1 diabetes:
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§āĻ āĻāĻ¸āĻŋ type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° pathogenesis āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻž autoimmune disease, āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ body āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° immune system āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° cells & tissues (āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ pancreas āĻāĻ° β cell) āĻā§ attack āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ Ultimate effect āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ β cell āĻāĻ° destructionāĨ¤
Type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ genetic factor āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ ā§Šā§ĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ gene āĻāĻ° mutation āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ MHC āĻŦāĻž HLA gene cluster āĻāĻ° mutation āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ common, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ ā§Ģā§Ļ%āĨ¤ Non-MHC gene āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ insulin gene, CTLA4 gene, PTPN22 gene, Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ genetic factor āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ environmental factor āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° pathogenesis āĻāĨ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻŋāĻā§ viral infection āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ autoimmune process āĻāĻž trigger āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻ§āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ molecular mimicryāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§, viral antigen āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ host antigen āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ cross-react āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ abnormality āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ failure of self-toleranceāĨ¤ āĻāĻ failure āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ – āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ self-reactive T cell āĻāĻ° clonal deletion āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ defective āĻšā§ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž regulatory T cell āĻāĻ° function āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ defective āĻšā§āĨ¤ Ultimately, āĻāĻ self-reactive T cell āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ β cell āĻāĻ° destruction āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ Helper T cell āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŽ cytokine āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ TNF, IFN-Îŗ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ damage āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ cytotoxic T cell āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ directly damage āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ islet autoantigen āĻāĻ° against āĻ autoantibody āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ autoantibody āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ cell damage āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ autoantibody āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ predictive marker āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ use āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻ¯ā§ islet autoantigen āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§ target āĻāĻ°ā§ T cell āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ activate āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° antibody āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§, āĻāĻ islet autoantigen āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§
- insulin (insulin āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° against āĻāĻ autoimmunity āĻšāĻā§āĻā§),
- β cell GAD (GAD āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻāĻŽ, glutamic acid decarboxylase) āĻāĻŦāĻ
- islet cell autoantigen 512
āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ process āĻāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŽ –
genetic & environmental factors ⤠failure of self-tolerance ⤠activation of self-reactive T cells against islet antigens ⤠damage of β cells ⤠insulin deficiency ⤠Type 1 DM
Type 2 Diabetes, āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ genetic factor āĻāĻ° environmental factor āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ environmental factor āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻž Type 1 āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ autoimmune disease āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Genetic factor āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ insulin secretion āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ related geneāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ genetic defect āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ insulin āĻāĻ° secretion āĻ abnormality āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Environmental factor āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ obesityāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ sedentary life styleāĨ¤
â Pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes:
āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ā§ type 2 diabetes āĻāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ ā§¨ āĻ°āĻāĻŽ defect āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ – insulin resistance āĻāĻŦāĻ β cell dysfunctionāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ insulin resistance āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§ compensate āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋā§ā§ β cell āĻāĻ° function āĻŦā§ā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ hyperinsulinemia āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ β cell āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ° adapt āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§ β cell dysfunctionāĨ¤
âž Insulin Resistance:
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ insulin āĻāĻ° target tissue āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ insulin āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ respond āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ insulin resistance āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
Insulin resistance āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ obesity.
â Obesity āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ distribution āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ ā§¨ āĻ°āĻāĻŽ, central āĻāĻ° peripheralāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ central fat āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¤ā§ lipolysis āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ fatty acid āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§ that is excess free fatty acids (FFAs) in bloodāĨ¤ āĻāĻ excess FFAs āĻāĻŋā§ā§ cell āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ° oxidation pathway āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ overwhelm āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ pathway āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ pathway āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ intermediate product āĻā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ intermediate product āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ diacylglycerol (DAG)āĨ¤ āĻāĻ DAG āĻāĻŋā§ā§ insulin āĻāĻ° intracellular āĻ¯ā§ signalling āĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ interfere āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ Ultimately, insulin āĻāĻ° desired effect āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻ¨āĻž, result is insulin resistanc.
â āĻāĻ excess FFA āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° cell āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§ oxidation āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ glucose āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ compete āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ fatty acid āĻāĻ° oxidation āĻšā§, glucose āĻāĻ° oxidation āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, this leads to accumulation of glucoseāĨ¤ Cell āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§ glucose āĻāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ blood āĻĨā§āĻā§ glucose entry āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ blood āĻ glucose level āĻŦāĻžā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, that is hyperglycemiaāĨ¤
â āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ obesity āĻ¤ā§ adiponectin level āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ blood glucose level āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ adiponectin āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° adipokine (adipose tissue āĻĨā§āĻā§ release āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻā§ adipokine āĻŦāĻ˛ā§)āĨ¤ Adipokine āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ blood glucose āĻāĻŽāĻžā§, obesity āĻ¤ā§ adipokine level āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ blood glucose level āĻŦā§ā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤
➠β cell dysfunction:
āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ insulin resistance āĻāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ β cell āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ° adapt āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§ β cell dysfunctionāĨ¤ excess FFAs āĻāĻŦāĻ chronic hyperglycemia āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ β cell dysfunction āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
đ Sign-symptoms of Diabetes:
āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
âĻ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âĻ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
âĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻž āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ¨, type-1 diabetes sign-symptoms āĻļā§āĻļāĻŦ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ ā§Ēā§Ļ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ type-2 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻž, āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° diabetes āĻāĻā§, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨, āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ, āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°ā§-āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
đ Complications of Diabetes:
Diabetes āĻāĻ° complications āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ ā§Š āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
â Macro vascular complications ( āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§):
âĻ Coronary artery disease (CAD)
e.g: ischaemic heart attack
âĻ Cerebro vascular disease (CVD)
e.g: stroke, transient ischaemic attack
âĻ Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
e.g: feet gangrene
â Micro vascular complications ( āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§)
âĻ Diabetic neuropathy
âĻ Diabetic nephropathy
âĻ Diabegic retinopathy
â Diabetic cataract
āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ diabetic patientāĨ¤āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§ diabetes āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ diabetes āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° diabetes āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ° blood glucose āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ pandemic situation āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ patient exercise āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ uncontrolled diabetes āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° diabetes āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ kidney disease, heart disease āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ diabetes āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ corona virus āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Reference:
âĻ Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, United States: Saunders; 2015. Chapter 24: The Endocrine System; p1109-1112.
âĻ Pearson ER, McCrimmon RJ. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MWJ, & Hobson R. (Eds.). Davidsonâs Principles and Practice of Medicine. 23rd ed. London, England: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018. p725-727.
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