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The father of the deaf and his battle with Diabetes || Part-03

🔖 Pathogenesis of Diabetes:

Diabetes āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž multifactorial diseaseāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻ° factor āĻāĻ° interplay āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ disease āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ factor āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ ā§¨āĻŸāĻž category āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡ – genetic factors āĻ†āĻ° environmental factorsāĨ¤

⭕ Pathogenesis of Type-1 diabetes:

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŋ type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° pathogenesis āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž autoimmune disease, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ body āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° immune system āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° cells & tissues (āĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ pancreas āĻāĻ° β cell) āĻ•ā§‡ attack āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ Ultimate effect āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ β cell āĻāĻ° destructionāĨ¤

Type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ genetic factor āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ ā§Šā§ĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ gene āĻāĻ° mutation āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ MHC āĻŦāĻž HLA gene cluster āĻāĻ° mutation āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ common, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ ā§Ģā§Ļ%āĨ¤ Non-MHC gene āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ insulin gene, CTLA4 gene, PTPN22 gene, Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

Fig : Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus.

āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ genetic factor āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ environmental factor āĻāĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ“ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° pathogenesis āĻāĨ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ viral infection āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ autoimmune process āĻŸāĻž trigger āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ molecular mimicryāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, viral antigen āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ host antigen āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ cross-react āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Type 1 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ abnormality āĻ‡ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ failure of self-toleranceāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ failure āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ – āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ self-reactive T cell āĻāĻ° clonal deletion āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ defective āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž regulatory T cell āĻāĻ° function āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ defective āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Ultimately, āĻāĻ‡ self-reactive T cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ β cell āĻāĻ° destruction āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ Helper T cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ cytokine āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ TNF, IFN-Îŗ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ damage āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ cytotoxic T cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ directly damage āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ islet autoantigen āĻāĻ° against āĻ autoantibody āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ autoantibody āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ cell damage āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ autoantibody āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ predictive marker āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ use āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻāĻ‡āĻ¯ā§‡ islet autoantigen āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ target āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ T cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ activate āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° antibody āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ islet autoantigen āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡

  • insulin (insulin āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° against āĻāĻ‡ autoimmunity āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡),
  • β cell GAD (GAD āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻœāĻžāĻ‡āĻŽ, glutamic acid decarboxylase) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚
  • islet cell autoantigen 512

āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ process āĻŸāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻā§œāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ –

genetic & environmental factors ➤ failure of self-tolerance ➤ activation of self-reactive T cells against islet antigens ➤ damage of β cells ➤ insulin deficiency ➤ Type 1 DM

Type 2 Diabetes, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“ genetic factor āĻ†āĻ° environmental factor āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ environmental factor āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻŸāĻž Type 1 āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ autoimmune disease āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

Genetic factor āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ‡ insulin secretion āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ related geneāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ genetic defect āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ insulin āĻāĻ° secretion āĻ abnormality āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Environmental factor āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ obesityāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ sedentary life styleāĨ¤

⭕ Pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes:

āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ā§‡ type 2 diabetes āĻŸāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ ā§¨ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ defect āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ – insulin resistance āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ β cell dysfunctionāĨ¤

Fig : Pathogenesis of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ insulin resistance āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ compensate āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ β cell āĻāĻ° function āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ hyperinsulinemia āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ β cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ†āĻ° adapt āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿ β cell dysfunctionāĨ¤

◾ Insulin Resistance:

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ insulin āĻāĻ° target tissue āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ insulin āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ respond āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ insulin resistance āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤

Insulin resistance āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ obesity.

★ Obesity āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ distribution āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ ā§¨ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ, central āĻ†āĻ° peripheralāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ central fat āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡ lipolysis āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ fatty acid āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ that is excess free fatty acids (FFAs) in bloodāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ excess FFAs āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ cell āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° oxidation pathway āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ overwhelm āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ pathway āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ pathway āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ intermediate product āĻ•ā§‹āĻˇ āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻœāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ intermediate product āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ diacylglycerol (DAG)āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ DAG āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ insulin āĻāĻ° intracellular āĻ¯ā§‡ signalling āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ interfere āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ Ultimately, insulin āĻāĻ° desired effect āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻž, result is insulin resistanc.

★ āĻāĻ‡ excess FFA āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° cell āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ oxidation āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ glucose āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ compete āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ fatty acid āĻāĻ° oxidation āĻšā§Ÿ, glucose āĻāĻ° oxidation āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, this leads to accumulation of glucoseāĨ¤ Cell āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ glucose āĻœāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž blood āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ glucose entry āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ blood āĻ glucose level āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡, that is hyperglycemiaāĨ¤

★ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ obesity āĻ¤ā§‡ adiponectin level āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ“ blood glucose level āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ adiponectin āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° adipokine (adipose tissue āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ release āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‡ adipokine āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡)āĨ¤ Adipokine āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ blood glucose āĻ•āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ, obesity āĻ¤ā§‡ adipokine level āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ blood glucose level āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Fig : Development of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

◾ β cell dysfunction:
āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ insulin resistance āĻšāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ β cell āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ†āĻ° adapt āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿ β cell dysfunctionāĨ¤ excess FFAs āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ chronic hyperglycemia āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ β cell dysfunction āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

🔖 Sign-symptoms of Diabetes:

āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡:

â™Ļ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
â™Ļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
â™Ļ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž
â™Ļ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
â™Ļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
â™Ļ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
â™Ļ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻž āĻļā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, type-1 diabetes sign-symptoms āĻļā§ˆāĻļāĻŦ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻž āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Fig : Sign-symptoms of Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus.

āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ ā§Ēā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ type-2 diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤

āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° diabetes āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨, āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ, āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§‹-āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

🔖 Complications of Diabetes:

Fig : Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes āĻāĻ° complications āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ ā§Š āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

⭕ Macro vascular complications ( āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦā§œ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ):

â™Ļ Coronary artery disease (CAD)
e.g: ischaemic heart attack

â™Ļ Cerebro vascular disease (CVD)
e.g: stroke, transient ischaemic attack

â™Ļ Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
e.g: feet gangrene

⭕ Micro vascular complications ( āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ)

â™Ļ Diabetic neuropathy
â™Ļ Diabetic nephropathy
â™Ļ Diabegic retinopathy

⭕ Diabetic cataract

āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ diabetic patientāĨ¤āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ diabetes āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§ŸāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ°āĻ‡ diabetes āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° diabetes āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŸ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° blood glucose āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ diabetes āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻ— āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ pandemic situation āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ patient exercise āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ uncontrolled diabetes āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§œāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° diabetes āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ kidney disease, heart disease āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ diabetes āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§œ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ corona virus āĻ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Reference:

â™Ļ Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, United States: Saunders; 2015. Chapter 24: The Endocrine System; p1109-1112.

â™Ļ Pearson ER, McCrimmon RJ. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MWJ, & Hobson R. (Eds.). Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine. 23rd ed. London, England: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018. p725-727.

Platform Academic Divison/

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